COURAGE

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Pioneer of Polish performance art, body art and feminist art. She was also engaged in “conceptual poetry” or “visual poetry” and created “poetic objects”.

Born in 1945 in Grodzisk Mazowiecki, she graduated from the Łódź State Art School (PWSSP Łódź) and at the Department of Painting at Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw.

Julia Paruszewska is the head of the Polish Rock Granary in Jarocin. She began her work at Granary in 2012 as a coordinator. Paruszewska finished pedagocial studies at the University of Zielona Góra and is a culture activist with extensive experience in the field.

Prior to her employment at the Polish Rock Granary Paruszewska worked i.a. in the Friends of Nowomiejski Region Society (Stowarzyszenie Miłośników Ziemi Nowomiejskiej) and was a board member of several cultural NGOs. Paruszewska also worked at several public institutions. She participated in several local, regional, and national projects, organised promotional campaigns, headed and financially settled publicly funded projects, including EU funding. Her experience as a coordinator and a fund raiser for cultural projects is invaluable for the Granary, which itself is a young institution, whose establishment was co-financed from regional and European funds.

Ferenc Pataki (1928–2015) was a Hungarian social psychologist and professor. In 1946, he began studying history, philosophy, and sociology at the university of science in Budapest. He took part in the so-called people’s college movement, and in 1948, he became the director of the Petőfi Sándor College for Historians. In 1949, he was made main secretary of the National Fellowship of People’s Colleges (NÉKOSZ). Between 1949 and 1953, he studied at the Lenin Pedagogical Academy in Moscow. After his return to Hungary, Pataki became the leader of the Agitation and Propaganda Class of the Fellowship of Working Youth (DISZ). In 1955, he became a stipend-holder at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA). He was one of the leaders of Petőfi Circle, so after the Revolution of 1956, he could only work as a primary school teacher. In 1961–1965, he served as a member of the staff at the National Institute of Pedagogy. In 1965, he moved to the Psychological Research Institute of the Academy. In 1967, he began teaching social psychology and pedagogy at Eötvös Loránd University, and in 1984, he became a professor in the Sociology Department of the university. In 1972, he was made vice-director, and between 1975 and 1993 he served as director of the Psychological Research Institute of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He was one of the founders of the New March Front in 1988, and he was a member of the Consultant Body of the Németh Government until 1990. Between 1990 and 1993, Ferenc Pataki was president of the Philosophical and Historical Class of the Academy. In 1993–1996, he served as one of the vice-presidents of the Academy. From 1996 until 2002, he was director of class again. His research focused on psychological theories of social effects, but he also dealt with theories and the history of education.

The Czech philosopher Jan Patočka (1907-1977) is considered one of the most important philosophers of the 20th century. Patočka studied philosophy in Prague, Paris, Berlin and Freiburg by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger. He dealt with the history of philosophy, philosophy of history, and phenomenological ideas which he applied to politics, culture, and history. He also studied philosophical works by J. A. Komenský, T. Masaryk and E. Husserl.

After the communist coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, Patočka was labelled a “reactionary philosopher” and was not allowed to teach at the university anymore. So he instead worked in several Czechoslovak institutes, including the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, mainly dealing with Comenius studies. Patočka was appointed professor at Charles University in Prague in 1968 and began to teach again. However, four years later Patočka was dismissed from the university, officially because of his old age.

Despite his dismissal from the university, Patočka continued to hold regular consultations for his doctoral student Ivan Chvatík. Chvatík invited also other friends and classmates to these lectures and thus regular philosophical underground seminars, called later “Patočka University,” came into existence. Seminars, usually lasting until late at night, took place every week until 1977. Participants were mainly Patočkaʼs students (e.g. Ivan Chvatík, Pavel Kouba, Miroslav Petříček, Jiří Michálek, Josef Vinař, Marika Krištofová, Jaromír Kučera, Milan Sobotka, and Jiří and Jaroslava Pešeks). Lectures were organised secretly and each meeting was held in a different place. The participants were notified strictly by word of mouth, as there were suspicions that some of the members were being observed by the police. Ivan Chvatík recorded all eleven lectures that were later issued as the cycle, “Caring for the Soul” (now published under the title “Plato and Europe”). The following cycle of seminars was published under the title “Heretical Essays” in the Petlice samizdat edition by Ludvík Vaculík. These lectures and essays impressed the intellectual audience and Patočka was seen by the Police as an important dissident.

In 1976, Patočka supported the protest against the imprisonment of the members of the music band The Plastic People of the Universe. Then, he joined the famous protest petition Charter 77 and later became, together with Jiří Hájek and Václav Havel, its first spokesman. After the Charter was published, it was no longer possible to continue with the seminars. At the end of February 1977, the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs, Max van der Stoel, accompanied by journalist Dick Verkijk, arrived in Prague for an official visit. Dick Verkijk persuaded Patočka to meet the minister and organise a joint press conference. It was the first time that a political representative of a foreign nation took official notice of the local dissident movement. Although Patočka was ill, he arrived at the InterContinental Hotel in Prague, explaining the aims of the dissidents and Charter 77. Patočka was thensubjected to a lenthy  interrogation by the police. Due to the interrogation and his poor health, he had to be hospitalized.

Jan Patočka died on March 13, 1977. His funeral became a symbolic manifestation against the communist regime.